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Teak plantations have been widely established throughout the tropics to produce high quality timber in trees of good growth and stem form. Many factors affect the success of teak planting programmes including site, seed supply and seed quality, management and other biological factors such as insects. Site is the primary factor influencing plantation growth and development. Growth and yield of plantations grown in different site qualities, within and outside the teak region is illustrated. With correct site selection, growth and yield can be improved more than 100 %. The composition of suitable teak sites is reviewed. Seed supply is a factor limiting planting scale and the quality of the plantation, especially so in countries where teak is an exotic. Seed requirement in various plantation options is tabulated and the effect of seed sources (provenances) and improved seed on growth and quality of plantations is demonstrated. A short term programme for improved seed and clonal stock production is proposed. Silvicultural management of teak plantation practices in weeding, thinning and insect and fire protection for growth and quality improvement is reviewed.
Teak has been artificially regenerated by: direct sowing of seed, seed broadcasting, seedling transplant and stumps (derived from seed). Traditionally, seed was collected from plus trees, but unfortunately these plus trees have become rare due to heavy felling practices in the past. Though seed orchards have been promoted recently, the amount of seed produced is still below demand. Consequently, seed has been collected from genetically inferior parent trees, and this guides the increase of poor quality teak in plantations.

Clone planting was not common up to the recent past because clonal cultivation materials were very difficult to obtain. Budding, grafting and cutting techniques have been successfully developed but applied only to a limited extent. These methods have been employed to multiply plus trees for seed orchards. The successful development of large-scale commercial tissue culturing of teak in Thailand in the past 3-4 years has opened up new horizons for clonal plantations of teak in the Region.
Elite clones of teak were selected by the Royal Forest Department. Meristematic tissues from these plus trees were excised from the mother trees, surface sterilized and cultured onto defined aseptic medium. When the tissues multiplied to a desirable quantity, they were successfully transplanted into a soil mix medium and after 2-3 months were transferred to the field. Growth of tissue cultured plants appeared to be faster and more uniform than those from seed or stumps derived from seeds. Tissue cultured plants furthermore have fewer branches and side shoots than seed based plants. Over 500,000 tissue cultured plants have been field established in the past four years. Some planted nine years ago have shown very satisfactory growth. Volume and income projections of tissue cultured plantations are calculated.

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Hybrid Teak Plants in Ballia

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